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[66], Meanwhile, Williams rushed to complete the investigation. [62], Ernest Hemingway visited the veteran's camp by boat after weathering the hurricane at his home in Key West; he wrote about the devastation in a critical article titled "Who Killed the Vets?" All rights reserved, what we today recognize as post-traumatic stress disorder, Storm of the Century: The Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. 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Fred Ghent knew hurricanes were a threat, but in the early summer of 1935, he thought he’d solved that problem. ], One other veteran killed in the storm rests at Arlington, Daniel C. [86] Hines had been invited to speak but he declined. He finished on Sunday, September 8, the day an elaborate memorial service and mass burial of hurricane victims (both coordinated by Ijams) were held in Miami. But one of their subordinates, Sam Cutler, was deeply worried. He wanted to wait until the last possible moment. Browse 1935 labor day hurricane pictures, photos, images, GIFs, and videos on Photobucket If they were incapable of caring for themselves then the government should have placed them in hospitals and not have sent them to a wilderness in the high-seas on a so called "rehabilitation program. Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, http://www.michaelkoryta.com/books/the-cypress-house/, "Remembering the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 in the Florida Keys", "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)", "80th Anniversary of the Labor Day Hurricane and first hurricane reconnaissance", "Investigation and Prediction of Hurricane Eyewall Replacement Cycles", Cuba May Use Planes to Scout for Hurricanes, "The First Flight Into A Hurricane's Eye", A Reanalysis of the 1931–43 Atlantic Hurricane Database. 390 - 400. Dad starts up a timeline and lays out framework for the website. Weather Bureau, wasn’t much higher—26.35 inches, making it the most intense of any U.S. hurricane at landfall to this day. And when they drank, they brawled. The railroad was never rebuilt, but temporary bridges and ferry landings were under construction as soon as materials arrived. In 1937 the cremated remains of approximately 300 people were placed within the tiled crypt in front of the monument. Meteorologists didn’t have a lot to work with to help them track these storms in 1935. “I often thought that it was almost a crime to allow so much drinking in the camps,” said John Russell, then a Postmaster and a community leader in Islamorada, where the work program was headquartered in a hotel. Things could get rough Monday. Andrew moved just to the north of the Labor Day Hurricane's track when both storms were near Florida while the Labor Day Hurricane hooked to the north much sooner than Andrew did. In front of the sculpture a ceramic-tile mural of the Keys covers a stone crypt, which holds victims' ashes from the makeshift funeral pyres, commingled with the skeletons.[85]. The eye of the storm passed a few miles to the southwest creating a calm of about 40 minutes duration over Lower Matecumbe and 55 minutes (9:20–10:15 PM) over Long Key. But a hasty investigation conducted by WPA officials concluded the vets’ deaths were “an act of God.” That didn’t sit well with many ministers, who said God may have caused the storm, but men had left the vets in harm’s way. At that time I shall transmit a copy of the report to you for your information and consideration. [63] Hemingway implied that the FERA workers and families, who were unfamiliar with the risks of Florida hurricane season, were unwitting victims of a system that appeared to lack concern for their welfare. His body was quickly recovered by survivors and shipped to his family before the embargo. United States. Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 3, Testimony of J. Hardin Peterson. Telegram, Early to McIntyre, Sept. 10, 1935. Sheldon couldn’t know, however, that the Weather Bureau was off by many miles. The Veterans' Affairs Administration (VA) compiled its own list of veterans' deaths: Many suffered from what we today recognize as post-traumatic stress disorder. Below is a description of the events of the hurricane. When Ray Sheldon, a Massachusetts native, was hired as the new supervisor of the three work camps, Ghent conveyed his mistaken impression to Sheldon that he’d taken care of the hurricane threat. Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 332. Weather Bureau—predecessor of the Weather Service—had launched a national advertising campaign in July 1935 to assure the nation that Atlantic hurricanes would no longer avoid detection. Radar was in its infancy, and weather satellites were the stuff of science fiction. [19] It departed Miami at 4:25 PM; delayed by a draw bridge opening, obstructions across the track, poor visibility and the necessity to back the locomotive below Homestead (so it could head out on the return trip[20]) the train finally arrived at the Islamorada station on Upper Matecumbe Key at about 8:20 PM. The Labor Day Hurricane was a very compact, intense hurricane that formed in the North Atlantic during August 1935. That’s where Fred Ghent and Ray Sheldon entered the picture. [101][102], On February 27, 2006, the U.S. Board on Geographic Names approved a proposal by Jerry Wilkinson, President, Historical Preservation Society of the Upper Keys, to name a small island off the southern tip of Lower Matecumbe Key for the veterans who died in the hurricane. The Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 blasted into Islamorada late at night on Sept. 2. Injured Recount Camp Gale Horror, by the Associated Press, Hearing before the House Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs, Oct. 30, 2013, AO95 - Proposed Rule - Applicants for VA Memorialization Benefits. They are; The Last Train to Paradise by Les Standiford, The Storm of the Century by Willie Drye, Hemingway’s Hurricane by Phil Scott and recently published Category 5: The 1935 Labor Day Hurricane by Thomas Neil Knowles. It's surreal that so many natural disasters occur at night, and this Florida hurricane was no exception. Labor Day Hurricane of 1935: Heavy life loss feared among keys-From the Archives of the Fort Lauderdale Daily News. Behind them at the left is one of the hastily built cottages that housed the highway workers. How to stop discarded face masks from polluting the planet. For the storm that hit Syracuse, New York, in 1998, see, Weather Bureau surface weather map of the hurricane moving up the west coast of Florida, The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of. The storm, given no name but the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, began slipping into the mists of history. To build much-needed bridges and roads for the venture, the government came up with a plan. Category 5 is a sobering reminder that even with modern meteorological tools and emergency management systems, a similar storm could cause even more death and destruction today. As work of reconstruction begins, bodies of victims, where other means of burial are impossible, are being cremated to prevent outbreak of pestilence. The storm had an eye 9–10 miles (14–16 km) across. Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 435, Testimony of Aubrey Williams. Kennamer's report included 2,168 pages of exhibits,[74] 118 pages of findings,[75] and a 19 page general comment. The Great Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 (formally known as Hurricane Three) was the most intense Atlantic hurricane to make landfall on record in terms of pressure, and tied with Hurricane Dorian in 2019 for the strongest landfalling Atlantic hurricane by maximum sustained winds, with winds of 185 mph (295 km/h). They were speared by flying lumber, brained by coconuts flying nearly 200 miles per hour, or simply blown off the islands to who knows where. Who sent nearly a thousand war veterans, many of them husky, hard-working and simply out of luck, but many of them close to the border of pathological cases, to live in frame shacks on the Florida Keys in hurricane months? The other two broke off completely and were carried by the surge half-way across the key towards the bay. Memorandum of interview with Lt. Olson and Lt. Clemmer. By Labor Day weekend, the developing storm had slipped into the Bahamas. Butters held his barometer aloft, shone his flashlight and called for the others’ attention. They seem to think that "they got what was coming to them.". [32][33] President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Mr. Hopkins and Robert Fechner, director of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to discuss solutions. Several parties referred to them as "bums," "drunkards," "crazy men," "riff-raff" and the like. At Camp #3 on Lower Matecumbe the surge arrived near the end of the calm with the wind close behind. Letter, Machlan to Hines, Sept. 16, 1935, VA Investigative Records, National Archives Building, Washington DC. On Sept. 11, 1935, Hines directed the skeptical and meticulous David W. Kennamer to investigate the disaster. Source: Report of Investigation, Re: Florida Hurricane Disaster; Record Group 15: Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs, 1773-2007. [49], The second and third orders, however, were almost immediately compromised. The winds: between 200 and 250 miles per hour.The storm surge: 15 feet high. [94] The Legion would use the empty grave sites for the burial of indigent veterans and accept responsibility for care of the plot. Veterans Key[103] and several concrete pilings are all that remain of the 1935 bridge construction project. The first was J.E. Skills. On Sept. 10, 1935, the Greater Miami Ministerial Association wrote the President an angry letter labeling the report a "whitewash". The Weather Bureau's 1:30 PM advisory[6] placed the center of the hurricane at north latitude 23° 20', west longitude 80° 15', moving slowly westward. Indifference of someone in charge as to the safety of the men. The intention was to identify the remains and prepare them for burial or further shipment. 164 Veterans have never received the Government memorials they are entitled to by law. It is near where Camp #3 was located. Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 331. McIntyre forwarded it to FERA for a response. The fourth tropical cyclone, third tropical storm, second hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 1935 Atlantic … New clues rule out one theory. Designs. It appeared in the Saturday Evening Post; 12/7/1935, Vol. [35] In practice the state ERAs were very much the creatures of FERA, to the extent of handpicking the administrators. Washington Post, Sept. 5, 1935, Editorial, Miami Daily News, Sept. 9, 1935, p. 1i, "Thousands Bow in Tribute Paid to Storm Dead.". [22] The passenger steamship Dixie ran aground on French Reef. Hurricane Andrew. Draft letter, Roosevelt to Murphy, November 14, 1935. On September 5 at a meeting of all public and private agencies involved Governor David Sholtz placed the sheriffs of Monroe and Dade Counties in overall control. 29, American Legion, Miami, Florida, petitioned FERA for the deed to the Woodlawn plot. The storms pick up a counterclockwise circulation imparted by Earth’s rotation, draw energy from warm, late summer seawater, and evolve into a tropical storm. 175 mph winds. Around 8:15 p.m., the rescue train rolled into Islamorada and stopped to pick up Ray Sheldon and other administrators. Because he was flying an open-cockpit biplane, he opted not to fly into the storm. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration came up with two options: move Key West’s 12,000 residents to Tampa, or clear the garbage from the streets, fix up the quaint but dilapidated buildings, and repackage Key West as a tourist attraction. “Uncle Sam has perfected his hurricane service for this area, perfected it to the extent of putting a decided crimp in their stealthy approach,” the advertising copy read. What happens to street animals when tourists suddenly disappear? All but the engine of this Florida East Coast Emergency Relief train was blown from the tracks by the hurricane, just below Snake Creek, near Islamorada in the South Florida Keys. This was about 27 miles (43 km) north of Isabela de Sagua, Villa Clara, Cuba, and 145 miles (233 km) east of Havana. Counting the natives, at least 408 were killed in the storm—almost half the people living between Key West and Miami. "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT", Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, Statements by Loftin, p. 504, Aitcheson, p. 506, and Branch, p. 515, "4,000 Veterans Placed in Southern Camps", "Veterans Find a 'Heaven' In Federal Camp in South", "Bonus Army Digs Old 'Swimmin' Hole' as Rehabilitation", "Defends Failure to Move Veterans; Hopkins Says Action Was Not Warranted by the Reports of Hurricane's Course", UNZ.org: "Who Murdered the Vets?" Submitted by Stu Beitler. The hurricane intensified rapidly, passing near Long Key on the evening of Monday, September 2. The VA again chose not to obey the President's order, this time to rebury the unclaimed bodies at Arlington. [99][unreliable source? In a letter to Williams on June 24, 1937, regarding what to do with the many skeletons of veterans recently discovered in the Keys, he wrote: ″It occurs to me that if a large memorial is erected adjacent to this highway at the place of the disaster it will be observed by all persons using the highway and will serve as a constant reminder of the unfortunate catastrophe which occurred.″[88] Hines recommended the remains be buried at Woodlawn. He also discovered that the storm was many miles north of the Weather Bureau’s plot, and was heading for the Florida Keys. It was Stephen Early, the President's press secretary. But sometimes conditions are exactly right. Monthly Weather Review, September 1935, p. 269. In a response to Abt's draft report to the President,[77] Ijams sided with Kennamer. It was also the most intense Atlantic hurricane on record until Hurricane Gilbert in 1988. Craig Key, Long Key, and Upper Matecumbe and Lower Matecumbe Keys suffered the worst. 123 bodies had been transported to Miami before the embargo. The storm finally emerged over the open Atlantic near Cape Henry. Laura was one of the worst hurricanes to impact the Gulf coast, and is the strongest August hurricane to be in the Gulf of Mexico. An area of disturbed weather developed northeast of the Turks Islands toward the end of August. He talked by phone with Ghent, who was back in his Jacksonville office, urging him to summon the train and evacuate the vets. The United States Coast Guard and other federal and state agencies organized evacuation and relief efforts. At 4:25 p.m., engineer J.J. Haycraft opened the throttle of his steam locomotive, and the evacuation train slowly moved out of the yard. 26, 1968. Search from Labor Day Beach stock photos, pictures and royalty-free images from iStock. A newspaper reporter aboard the train later recalled that the passenger cars were “swirled about like straws.” Only the 160-ton locomotive remained upright on the tracks. Russell and other natives did what they could for the men. Personal protective equipment is made of plastic and isn't recyclable. Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 336, record of phone calls by Fred Ghent. The train had been en route to the war veterans camp below Matecumbe. When it was over, more than half of the 400 or so men in the camps were dead. Letter, D. W. Kennamer to Sam Jared, Sept. 12, 1935, regarding hurricane investigation. People caught in the open were blasted by sand with such force that it stripped away their clothing. About me. [12], Northeast storm warnings[13] were ordered displayed from Fort Pierce to Fort Myers in the September 1, 9:30 AM Weather Bureau advisory. The workers wearing military caps are with veterans' service organizations. When the weather is calm, a barometer will read just under 30.00 at sea level. But he’d managed to misunderstand the communications. In the once-prosperous city of Key West, residents were trying to survive on an average monthly income of $7—about $125 in 2017 dollars. Over the years the Hurricane Monument has been cared for by local veterans, hurricane survivors, and descendants of the victims. The somewhat compensating effects of a slow (7 knots, 8.1 mph) translational velocity along with an extremely tiny radius of maximum wind (5 nmi, 5.8 mi) led to an analyzed intensity at landfall of 160 kn, 180 mph; rounded to the nearest multiple of 5: 185 mph, 298 km/h). Although the Congressional Record [57] gives a report of 485 victims of the hurricane {257 veterans and 259 civilians}[58] the Record also breaks down 694 World War I veterans by name and their status as: The Florida Emergency Relief Administration reported that as of November 19, 1935, the total of dead stood at 423: 259 veterans and 164 civilians. He was not questioned about his controversial findings nor did he volunteer his opinions.[81]. But many among the work camps’ administrators regarded him as a very nervous fellow who imagined things. And the hurricane was stoking itself into a frightful monster. The other strongest Atlantic hurricane landfall on record was the 1935 Labour Day Hurricane, which battered the Bahamas, Florida, and the US East Coast. But the official reading, confirmed by the U.S. Others who’d worked with Cutler, a former safety engineer, regarded him as conscientious and highly competent. The Great Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 is a photographic collection of the destruction caused by the strongest hurricane to ever hit land in North America is on display at the Keys History & Discovery Center in Islamorada. The hurricane left a path of near-total destruction in the Upper Keys, centered on what is today the village of Islamorada. Most tropical waves don’t develop into hurricanes. In the Weather Bureau’s advisories, it was little more than a windy rainstorm. [The] committee early in its investigation noticed a tendency on the part of some to reflect on the character of the men who were veterans in the camps. [citation needed], The storm brought over 5 in (130 mm) of rain to parts of Georgia when it passed over the state between September 4–5. A close examination of photographs of the wreck show one box car still coupled to the last baggage car. Both bills died in committee. It has been turned upside down by the hurricane's winds and storm surge. The solution isn’t complicated: Throw them away. Sign up for more inspiring photos, stories, and special offers from National Geographic. Jade writes down about a full page of notes how she wants it to look. The region was swept by a massive storm surge as the eye passed over the area. [69] The report exonerated everyone involved and concluded: "To our mind the catastrophe must be characterized as an act of God and was by its very nature beyond the power of man or instruments at his disposal to foresee sufficiently far enough in advance to permit the taking of adequate precautions capable of preventing the death and desolation which occurred. This fish stuck in a disposable glove is a warning about the risks of COVID-19 litter, ‘Tiger King’ stars’ face scrutiny in court, How scientists found 'Nemo,' Australia's newest dancing spider, These ants can shrink and regrow their brains. Accomplishments. The hurricane is still the most intense on record to make landfall in the United States, as measured by the low barometric pressures that signal a storm's strength. Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, testimony of Ivan R. Tannehill, p. 184. Citing rotten food, separating young cubs from their mothers, missing animals, and fraud, court cases aim to end the most exploitive practices. It had sustained winds of 185 mph and a storm surge of 18' to 20'. The 1935 Labor Day hurricane was the strongest storm at time of landfall in U.S. history and also the first Category 5 storm to strike the U.S. in the 20th century (followed by Hurricane Camille in 1969 and Hurricane Andrew in 1992). The instant book, as the title states, is about the Category 5 hurricane that decimated the lower keys in Florida on Labor Day in 1935. [25] The locomotive and tender were both barged back to Miami several months later. “When they got paid, they would drink until it was all gone. Highest Wind Storms To Make Landfall in U.S. Hurricane Camille. In the right center of the photo is the car in which Ed Butters, the hotel's owner, and his wife and friends rode out the first part of the storm. [42], On August 26 and 27, 1935, one of the veterans, Albert C. Keith, wrote letters to both the President and Eleanor Roosevelt urging that the camps not be closed. It was anthologized in 1990: [108] http://www.michaelkoryta.com/books/the-cypress-house/, "Labor Day storm" redirects here. [100] His was a special case, the only veteran who died in the camps who was neither cremated in the Keys nor buried at Woodlawn. At the time, this storm was the most intense hurricane to affect the United States with a lowest pressure recorded at 892 mb. [67] Ijams, who had been too busy to participate in the investigation and had not questioned any of the 12 witnesses interrogated by Williams, nonetheless signed the 15 page report to the President. [93], On January 31, 1936, Harvey W. Seeds Post No. Plot Plan, Woodlawn Park Cemetery of Hurricane Victims of Keys September 2nd & 3rd 1935 with notes, VA Report of Investigation, National Archives Building, Washington, DC. As … The exhibit features more than 80 black and white images that not only capture the Upper Keys before the storm, but also the extraordinary aftermath. The Danish motorship Leise Maersk was carried over and grounded nearly 4 miles away near Upper Matecumbe Key, although there was no loss of life. With wind gusts estimated up to 225 miles per hour and a … Here’s how. Hines to Col. McIntyre, Third Report on Evacuation of Veterans from Florida, Sept. 7, 1935, Hurricane Records, FDR Library. [7][8][9] He later proposed an aerial hurricane patrol. [47] All of the FERA transient camps were closed in November 1935. Yet the verdict stood. A monument was placed on the plot, inscribed: Erected by Harvey W. Seeds Post No. Over the next week 136 bodies were cremated on Upper Matecumbe Key at 12 different locations. The winds of the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane may have reached 200 miles per hour at times — more than enough to slice the roof and second story off the Hotel Matecumbe in the village of Islamorada on Upper Matecumbe Key. The revision prompted objections from groups and volunteers working to mark the many unmarked veterans' graves, mostly from the Civil War era. Captain Leonard Povey of the Aviation Corps of the Cuban Army (Cuerpo de Aviación del Ejército de Cuba) volunteered to investigate the threat to the capital. "[70] Early also found the publicity around the report "unfortunate". By September 3 and 1935. Laura Was One of The Worst Storms To Hit Louisiana In History. [80] Also, 1936 was a presidential election year. The monument is composed of native keystone, and its striking frieze depicts coconut palm trees bending before the force of hurricane winds while the waters from an angry sea lap at the bottom of their trunks. The Labor Day storm was a category 5 hurricane that killed 408 people in the Florida Keys. [34] FERA offered grants to the states for their construction projects if they would accept the veterans as laborers. [14] Upon receipt of this advisory the U.S. Coast Guard Station, Miami, FL, sent a plane along the coast to advise boaters and campers of the impending danger by dropping message blocks. "[85] The welcoming committee included Key West Mayor Willard M. Albury, and other local officials. In the same issue of The New Masses appeared an editorial charging criminal negligence and a cartoon by Russell T. Limbach, captioned An Act of God, depicting burning corpses. Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, Statements by Loftin, p. 504, Beals, p. 509 and Branch, p. 514. The waters quickly receded after carving new channels connecting the bay with the ocean; however, gale-force winds and high seas persisted into Tuesday, preventing rescue efforts. Although this is a gravesite, not a single name appears anywhere on the monument. It was then that he discovered that it would take workers hours to assemble the train in Miami. House. Under VA regulations the applicant for a marker may only be the veteran's next of kin; so, too, for memorials when the body is not available for burial. In a telegram to his colleague, assistant Presidential secretary Marvin H. McIntyre, Early wrote that he had authorized Hines to proceed with a "complete and exhaustive" joint investigation with Hopkins. Award-winning author Willie Drye is working on a new edition of his first book, Storm of the Century: The Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. The memorial was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on March 16, 1995. The second tropical cyclone, second hurricane, and second intense hurricane of the season was the most intense Atlantic hurricane that affected the United States, and it remains the first of three Category 5 hurricanes that struck the country. Five others are named in a footnote. On Monday afternoon, a daredevil American pilot named Len Povey, who’d been hired by Cuban political strongman Fulgencio Batista to train military pilots, climbed into the open cockpit of a small biplane fighter. The National Weather Service estimated 408 deaths from the hurricane. He is represented by the Jeanne Fredericks Literary Agency and by Straight Arrow PR. He knew the drunken, surly vets would be nearly impossible to handle aboard the train. Resume. By the time we got to the railroad tracks, it hit us with all its force. [90] 170 were cremated or never identified. 1935 Labor Day Hurricane. Letter, Kennamer to Jared, Sept. 12, 1935, List of Exhibits from D. W. Kennamer's Investigation of the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. Florida Hurricane Disaster Hearings, p. 445, Testimony of Aubrey Williams. McIntyre also was involved in damage control. Hundreds of World War I veterans who had been camped in the Matecumbe area while working on the construction of U.S. Highway One for the Works Progress Administration (WPA) were killed. September 2 – 1935 Labor Day hurricane: The strongest hurricane ever to strike the United States landfalls in the Upper Florida Keys as a Category 5 storm with 185 mph winds, killing 423. [50] Williams and Hines' assistant, Colonel George E. Ijams, both arrived in Miami on September 6. At a news conference on September 5, Hopkins asserted that there was no negligence traceable to FERA in the failed evacuation of the camps as the Weather Bureau advisories had given insufficient warning. On November 1, 1935, the American Legion completed its own report on the hurricane. This Day story `` September-Remember '' soon after the hurricane Warning Service, National Archives Building, Washington.! Storm then explosively intensified and turned toward the Florida East Coast Railway severely. The capital were inadequate to handle aboard the train had been en route the... The President 's press secretary wants it to look that so many natural occur... ] Working with Harry W. Farmer, another VA investigator, Kennamer completed his 2 volume on... On October 30, 1935 and wore down by September 10, 1935 p.. Storm of the hastily built cottages that housed the veterans weekly Camp paper, the Government memorials are..., 62 additional bodies had been recovered bringing the total to 485: 257 veterans 228. Appeared in the hurricane was no exception the mists of history 12 different locations 2 ) provide a understanding... Boats—That chained the Islands together were broken Administrations were responsible for the venture, the second and third,... 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To investigate the Disaster it 's referred to as the `` Loftin, p. 336, record of phone by. Winds also ruined crops and inflicted minor damage to property. [ 2 the., Improved weather conditions on Wednesday, September 7 ; 38 bodies were recovered far! Sheldon entered the picture coupled to the safety of the camps 2700 which would again... The Fort Lauderdale Daily News drunken, surly vets would be nearly impossible to handle the large numbers veterans... Close examination of photographs of the United States, and some bridges and roads for the veterans 524 report! 1, 1933 to speak but he ’ d managed to misunderstand the communications complete. Several concrete pilings are all that remain of the storm weakened as skirted... With Harry W. Farmer, another VA investigator, Kennamer completed his 2 volume report on the monument, deeply.

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